Alpha and beta diversity for taxonomic (TD), functional (FD),
    and phylogenetic (PD) dimensions based on rasters. Spatial and
    temporal beta diversity can be partitioned into replacement and
    richness difference components. It also calculates standardized effect
    size for FD and PD alpha diversity and the average individual traits
    across multilayer rasters. The layers of the raster represent species,
    while the cells represent communities. Methods details can be found at
    Cardoso et al. 2022 <https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=BAT> and
    Heming et al. 2023 <https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=SESraster>.

Implements common measures of diversity and spatial segregation. This package has tools to compute the majority of measures are reviewed in Massey and Denton (1988) <doi:10.2307/2579183>. Multiple common measures of within-geography diversity are implemented as well. All functions operate on data frames with a 'tidyselect' based workflow.

Divide taxonomic occurrence data into geographic regions of fair
    comparison, with three customisable methods to standardise area and extent.
    Calculate common biodiversity and range-size metrics on subsampled data.
    Background theory and practical considerations for the methods are described
    in Antell and others (2024) <doi:10.1017/pab.2023.36>.

Function to test spatial segregation and association based in contingency table analysis of nearest neighbour counts following Dixon (2002) <doi:10.1080/11956860.2002.11682700>. Some 'Fortran' code has been included to the original dixon2002() function of the 'ecespa' package to improve speed.

For outlier detection in small and normally distributed 
    samples the ratio test of Dixon (Q-test) can be used. Density,
    distribution function, quantile function and random generation 
    for Dixon's ratio statistics are provided as wrapper functions.
    The core applies McBane's Fortran functions <doi:10.18637/jss.v016.i03> 
    that use Gaussian quadrature for a numerical solution.