Download data from the European Social Survey directly from their website <http://www.europeansocialsurvey.org/>. There are two families of functions that allow you to download and interactively check all countries and rounds available.

Este paquete pretende apoyar el proceso enseñanza-aprendizaje de estadística descriptiva e inferencial. Las funciones contenidas en el paquete 'estadistica' cubren los conceptos básicos estudiados en un curso introductorio. Muchos conceptos son ilustrados con gráficos dinámicos o web apps para facilitar su comprensión. This package aims to help the teaching-learning process of descriptive and inferential statistics. The functions contained in the package 'estadistica' cover the basic concepts studied in a statistics introductory course. Many concepts are illustrated with dynamic graphs or web apps to make the understanding easier. See: Esteban et al. (2005, ISBN: 9788497323741), Newbold et al.(2019, ISBN:9781292315034 ), Murgui et al. (2002, ISBN:9788484424673) .

Standardises and facilitates the use of eleven established stability properties that have been used to assess systems’ responses to press or pulse disturbances at different ecological levels (e.g. population, community). There are two sets of functions. The first set corresponds to functions that measure stability at any level of organisation, from individual to community and can be applied to a time series of a system’s state variables (e.g., body mass, population abundance, or species diversity). The properties included in this set are: invariability, resistance, extent and rate of recovery, persistence, and overall ecological vulnerability. The second set of functions can be applied to Jacobian matrices. The functions in this set measure the stability of a community at short and long time scales. In the short term, the community’s response is measured by maximal amplification, reactivity and initial resilience (i.e. initial rate of return to equilibrium). In the long term, stability can be measured as asymptotic resilience and intrinsic stochastic invariability. Figueiredo et al. (2025) <doi:10.32942/X2M053>.