Import & Processing

Different measuring devices and analysis software lead to opaque results in measuring gas exchange parameters. To make exercise science more transparent and reproducible, the spiro package offers a standardized workflow for data from cardiopulmonary exercise testing.

This vignette provides information on how the spiro package imports and processes raw data from metabolic carts.

Import and processing with `spiro()`

The spiro package makes import and processing of cardiopulmonary data easy: The spiro() function does all that work for you. You just need to paste the path of a file with raw data from cardiopulmonary exercise testing to the function. This will return a data.frame containing all relevant data for each second of testing, ready for summarizing or plotting.

library(spiro)

# Get example data
file <- spiro_example("zan_gxt")

spiro(file)
#>    load step time    VO2   VCO2    RR   VT    VE HR PetO2 PetCO2 VO2_rel
#> 1     0    0    1     NA     NA    NA   NA    NA NA    NA     NA      NA
#> 2     0    0    2     NA     NA    NA   NA    NA NA    NA     NA      NA
#> 3     0    0    3     NA     NA    NA   NA    NA NA    NA     NA      NA
#> 4     0    0    4 399.08 323.70 13.94 0.77 10.72 NA    NA     NA    6.05
#> 5     0    0    5 409.83 330.26 14.50 0.74 10.66 NA    NA     NA    6.21
#> 6     0    0    6 420.58 336.82 15.06 0.71 10.60 NA    NA     NA    6.37
#> 7     0    0    7 431.33 343.37 15.63 0.68 10.53 NA    NA     NA    6.54
#> 8     0    0    8 435.30 346.51 16.06 0.69 11.04 NA    NA     NA    6.60
#> 9     0    0    9 437.02 348.52 16.46 0.71 11.74 NA    NA     NA    6.62
#> 10    0    0   10 438.74 350.53 16.85 0.74 12.44 NA    NA     NA    6.65
#>    VCO2_rel RE  RER  CHO   FO
#> 1        NA NA   NA   NA   NA
#> 2        NA NA   NA   NA   NA
#> 3        NA NA   NA   NA   NA
#> 4      4.90 NA 0.81 0.20 0.13
#> 5      5.00 NA 0.81 0.19 0.13
#> 6      5.10 NA 0.80 0.19 0.14
#> 7      5.20 NA 0.80 0.18 0.15
#> 8      5.25 NA 0.80 0.18 0.15
#> 9      5.28 NA 0.80 0.19 0.15
#> 10     5.31 NA 0.80 0.19 0.15
#> ... with 2999 more rows

spiro() will return interpolated data for the following parameters:

load: velocity or power, either retrieved from the raw data file or manually supplied by setting a protocol
step: coded variable for the number of the load step in the test protocol
time: time (s)
VO2: oxygen uptake (ml/min)
VCO2: carbon dioxide output (ml/min)
RR: respiratory rate (1/min)
VT: tidal volume (l)
VE: minute ventilation (l/min)
HR: heart rate (bpm), if available
PetO2: end-tidal partial pressure of oxygen (mmHg)
PetCO2: end-tidal partial pressure of carbon dioxide (mmHg)
VO2_rel: relative oxygen uptake (ml/min/kg)
VCO2_rel: relative carbon dioxide output (ml/min/kg)
RE: running economy (ml/kg/km), if applicable
RER: respiratory quotient
CHO: rate of carbohydrate oxidation (g/min)
FO: rate of fat oxidation (g/min)

Options for data processing

You can control the exercise protocol, the calculation of parameters related to body weight and the adding of heart rate data with the arguments of spiro() or with the helper functions add_protocol(), add_weight() and add_hr() within a piping syntax:

# Note: The Base R pipe requires R version 4.1 or greater

protocol <- set_protocol(
  pt_wu(duration = 120, load = 50),
  pt_steps(duration = 30, load = 100, increment = 20, count = 24)
)

spiro(file = spiro_example("zan_ramp")) |>
  add_bodymass(bodymass = 63.4) |>
  add_protocol(protocol) |>
  add_hr(hr_file = spiro_example("hr_ramp.tcx"), hr_offset = 0)

Use breath-by-breath data!

We highly recommended to import only raw breath-by-breath data for several reasons:

Prior averaging or interpolation happens outside of R and is therefore a non-reproducible data processing step.
If no data for single breaths is available, some functionality of the package is lost (e.g. breath-based averaging for VO_2max_ determination).
Prior processing usually leads to data containing less data points, which hinders the automated guessing of exercise protocols based on the available load data.

If you use a metabolic cart that measures, but does not output data on a breath-by-breath basis, read the manufacturer’s instructions on how to export the raw data in such a way. Data from other systems (e.g., most mixing chamber metabolic carts) can still be processed with the spiro-package, but protocol guesses and summary calculations have to be treated with caution.

Supported metabolic carts

The spiro package supports different metabolic carts. The metabolic cart a data file is produced by is usually determined automatically, but can also be set manually in the spiro() function. Currently this package supports the following devices:

CORTEX ("cortex"): .xlsx, .xls or .xml files in English or German language
COSMED ("cosmed"): .xlsx or .xls files in English or German language
VYNTUS ("vyntus"): .txt files (tab-separated) in French, German or Norwegian language
ZAN ("zan"): .dat files, usually with the name “EXED*” in German language

To only import the raw data without further processing (such as interpolation, exercise protocol guessing,…) use the function spiro_raw():

spiro_raw(file, device = NULL, anonymize = TRUE)
#>     time VO2 VCO2    RR   VT    VE HR load PetO2 PetCO2
#> 1   3.44 393  320 13.62 0.79 10.76 NA    0    NA     NA
#> 2   7.25 434  345 15.76 0.67 10.51 NA    0    NA     NA
#> 3  10.73 440  352 17.14 0.76 12.96 NA    0    NA     NA
#> 4  13.97 582  451 18.63 0.65 12.13 NA    0    NA     NA
#> 5  17.20 837  677 18.47 1.07 19.71 NA    0    NA     NA
#> 6  20.39 902  753 18.87 1.19 22.42 NA    0    NA     NA
#> 7  24.37 391  338 15.08 1.01 15.23 NA    0    NA     NA
#> 8  28.00 503  428 16.52 0.69 11.45 NA    0    NA     NA
#> 9  32.06 246  214 14.78 0.61  8.97 NA    0    NA     NA
#> 10 34.65 728  605 23.25 0.54 12.46 NA    0    NA     NA
#> ... with 1987 more rows

Alternatively you can also access the raw data after a spiro() call.

s <- spiro(file)
spiro_raw(s)

Exercise protocols

To achieve the full functionality of data summary and plotting with the spiro package, an exercise protocol needs to be attached to the data.

Protocol guessing

By default, spiro() guesses the exercise protocol using get_protocol(), looking for velocity or load data in the imported raw data. To return the protocol guess after a spiro() call, access the "protocol" attribute.

s <- spiro(file)
attr(s,"protocol")
#>    duration load         type code
#> 1        60  0.0 pre measures    0
#> 2       300  2.0         load    1
#> 3        30  0.0         rest   -1
#> 4       300  2.4         load    2
#> 5        30  0.0         rest   -1
#> 6       300  2.8         load    3
#> 7        30  0.0         rest   -1
#> 8       300  3.2         load    4
#> 9        30  0.0         rest   -1
#> 10      300  3.6         load    5
#> 11       30  0.0         rest   -1
#> 12      300  4.0         load    6
#> 13       30  0.0         rest   -1
#> 14      300  4.4         load    7
#> 15       30  0.0         rest   -1
#> 16      300  4.8         load    8
#> 17       30  0.0         rest   -1
#> 18      300  5.2         load    9
#> 19       10  0.0         rest   -1

Protocol setting

In cases where no load data is saved in the metabolic cart’s file or get_protocol() turns wrong, a protocol can be manually set.

There are two ways to initially generate a protocol: by providing all load-duration combinations with set_protocol_manual() or by using the helper functions within set_protocol(). Once a protocol has been set, it can be used as the protocol argument in a spiro() call or attached to a spiro data frame with add_protocol().

# manually setting a test protocol
pt <- set_protocol_manual(
  duration = c(60,300,30,300,30,300,30,300,30,300,30,300,30,300,30,300,30,300),
  load = c(0,3,0,3.2,0,3.4,0,3.6,0,3.8,0,4,0,4.2,0,4.4,0,4.6)
)

# attach protocol within spiro call
s <- spiro(file, protocol = pt)

# attach protocol with `add_protocol`
t <- spiro(file)
add_protocol(t, pt)
#>    load step time    VO2   VCO2    RR   VT    VE HR PetO2 PetCO2 VO2_rel
#> 1     0    0    1     NA     NA    NA   NA    NA NA    NA     NA      NA
#> 2     0    0    2     NA     NA    NA   NA    NA NA    NA     NA      NA
#> 3     0    0    3     NA     NA    NA   NA    NA NA    NA     NA      NA
#> 4     0    0    4 399.08 323.70 13.94 0.77 10.72 NA    NA     NA    6.05
#> 5     0    0    5 409.83 330.26 14.50 0.74 10.66 NA    NA     NA    6.21
#> 6     0    0    6 420.58 336.82 15.06 0.71 10.60 NA    NA     NA    6.37
#> 7     0    0    7 431.33 343.37 15.63 0.68 10.53 NA    NA     NA    6.54
#> 8     0    0    8 435.30 346.51 16.06 0.69 11.04 NA    NA     NA    6.60
#> 9     0    0    9 437.02 348.52 16.46 0.71 11.74 NA    NA     NA    6.62
#> 10    0    0   10 438.74 350.53 16.85 0.74 12.44 NA    NA     NA    6.65
#>    VCO2_rel RE  RER  CHO   FO
#> 1        NA NA   NA   NA   NA
#> 2        NA NA   NA   NA   NA
#> 3        NA NA   NA   NA   NA
#> 4      4.90 NA 0.81 0.20 0.13
#> 5      5.00 NA 0.81 0.19 0.13
#> 6      5.10 NA 0.80 0.19 0.14
#> 7      5.20 NA 0.80 0.18 0.15
#> 8      5.25 NA 0.80 0.18 0.15
#> 9      5.28 NA 0.80 0.19 0.15
#> 10     5.31 NA 0.80 0.19 0.15
#> ... with 2999 more rows

With set_protocol() a protocol can be defined without specifying every single load step. You can paste the pre-defined segment types pt_pre(), pt_wu(), pt_const() and pt_steps() into set_protocol() in the desired order. The following graph illustrates an example of this practice:

set_protocol(pt_pre(60), pt_wu(300,80), pt_steps(180,100,25,6,30))
#>    duration load
#> 1        60    0
#> 2       300   80
#> 3       180  100
#> 4        30    0
#> 5       180  125
#> 6        30    0
#> 7       180  150
#> 8        30    0
#> 9       180  175
#> 10       30    0
#> 11      180  200
#> 12       30    0
#> 13      180  225

Modify body mass

The spiro package calculates parameters relative to body mass. Per default spiro() will look for information on body mass in the meta data of the original data file. If for some reason no or the wrong body mass is present in the raw data file, bodymass can be manually given as an argument in spiro() or with add_bodymass().

# set body mass as an argument in `spiro()`
s <- spiro(file, bodymass = 68.3)

# set body mass using `add_weight()`
t <- spiro(file) 
u <- add_bodymass(t, 68.3)

Work with external heart rate data

Some metabolic carts only offer complicated options for connecting them to heart rate monitors. If heart rate data was recorded by another kind of device (e.g. wrist watch), this data can be added within the spiro() call or by using add_hr().

# get example data file path
hpath <- spiro_example("hr_ramp.tcx")

# add heart rate data within `spiro()`
h <- spiro(file, hr_file = hpath, hr_offset = 0)

# add heart rate data with `add_hr()`
i <- spiro(file)
j <- add_hr(i, hr_file = hpath, hr_offset = 0)

add_hr() will import the heart rate data from a .tcx file and attach it to the existing data set. You can manually set the starting point of the heart rate recording relative to the start of the gas exchange measures recording with the hr_offset argument.